{"id":17850,"date":"2019-12-19T21:37:49","date_gmt":"2019-12-19T13:37:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp-productionenv-bjg9h2g2bgg5b8aa.southeastasia-01.azurewebsites.net\/news\/not-so-far-far-away-how-the-star-wars-galaxy-falls-short-of-the-real-life-search-for-planets\/"},"modified":"2019-12-19T21:37:49","modified_gmt":"2019-12-19T13:37:49","slug":"not-so-far-far-away-how-the-star-wars-galaxy-falls-short-of-the-real-life-search-for-planets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/news\/not-so-far-far-away-how-the-star-wars-galaxy-falls-short-of-the-real-life-search-for-planets\/","title":{"rendered":"Not so far, far away: How the Star Wars galaxy falls short of the real-life search for planets"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_538704\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-538704\" style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full-width wp-image-538704\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.geekwire.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/191218-tatooine2-630x487.jpg\" alt=\"Luke Skywalker on Tatooine\" width=\"630\" height=\"487\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.geekwire.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/191218-tatooine2-630x487.jpg 630w, https:\/\/cdn.geekwire.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/191218-tatooine2-1260x973.jpg 1260w, https:\/\/cdn.geekwire.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/191218-tatooine2-768x593.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.geekwire.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/191218-tatooine2-1536x1187.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cdn.geekwire.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/191218-tatooine2.jpg 1719w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\"><figcaption data-nosnippet=\"\" id=\"caption-attachment-538704\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luke Skywalker\u2019s home planet, Tatooine, and its two suns are a good example of science echoing Star Wars. Or is it the other way around? (Lucasfilm Photo)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Over the past 42 years, filmgoers have seen exotic worlds come to life in a succession of Star Wars movies \u2014 a series that is now coming to a climax with \u201cStar Wars: Episode IX, The Rise of Skywalker.\u201d But are those exoplanets really all that exotic anymore?<\/p>\n<p>Sure, we\u2019ve seen two suns in the sky over the sands of Tatooine, Luke Skywalker\u2019s home planet. We\u2019ve been to an ice planet (Hoth) and a lava planet (Mustafar). We\u2019ve even spent time on a habitable exomoon that\u2019s in orbit around a gas giant (Endor).<\/p>\n<p>Back in 1977, most of us might have thought those types of worlds to be science-fiction fantastical. Today, they\u2019re seen as totally plausible categories in the study of thousands of planets beyond our solar system. And Rory Barnes, a University of Washington astronomer who focuses on astrobiology and the habitability of exoplanets, suspects Star Wars creator George Lucas knew this could happen.<\/p>\n<p>Barnes points to a book called \u201cHabitable Planets for Man,\u201d which was written for the Rand Corp. in 1964 (and is freely available on the Web).<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere\u2019s stuff in there about circumbinary planets, something like Tatooine, and about exomoons,\u201d Barnes told me. \u201cIt was only seven or eight years before George Lucas started writing Star Wars \u2026 so I suspect that he was at least aware of it.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_538789\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-538789\" style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full-width wp-image-538789\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.geekwire.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/191219-barnes-630x448.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.geekwire.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/191219-barnes-630x448.jpg 630w, https:\/\/cdn.geekwire.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/191219-barnes-1260x895.jpg 1260w, https:\/\/cdn.geekwire.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/191219-barnes-768x546.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.geekwire.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/191219-barnes-1536x1092.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cdn.geekwire.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/191219-barnes-2048x1456.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\"><figcaption data-nosnippet=\"\" id=\"caption-attachment-538789\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rory Barnes is an assistant professor in the University of Washington\u2019s Department of Astronomy and Astrobiology Program. He\u2019s also a member of NASA\u2019s Virtual Planetary Laboratory and UW\u2019s Big Data program. He studies the habitability of exoplanets with astrophysical, geophysical and atmospheric computer models. (GeekWire Photo \/ Alan Boyle)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Even the fact that Lucas missed out on what\u2019s now thought to be the biggest category of real-life planets \u2014 the ones that orbit red dwarf stars \u2014 serves as evidence for Barnes\u2019 case.<\/p>\n<p>The 1964 book discounted the idea that red-dwarf planets would be habitable, because of an undesirable tidal-lock effect in their orbits. Today, planetary scientists are warming up to the idea of habitable red-dwarf planets, but the only clear references to such worlds in the Star Wars canon are found in offshoots of the central nine-movie Skywalker series.<\/p>\n<p>When Disney\u2019s producers, writers and directors put together their post-Skywalker Star Wars movies, maybe they should work some red-dwarf planets into the plots.<\/p>\n<p>To prime the pump for a look back at four decades of Star Wars planetary science, Barnes and I attended an advance screening of \u201cThe Rise of Skywalker\u201d earlier this week \u2014 and then sat down for a Q&amp;A in a nearby cafe. You\u2019ll shouldn\u2019t find any plot spoilers in the following transcript, which has been edited for brevity and clarity. But if you\u2019re dead-set against reading anything about the movie, stop here and check back when you return from the theater.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker | Final Trailer\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8Qn_spdM5Zg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\" data-ratio=\"0.5625\" data-width=\"800\" data-height=\"450\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0px; width: 800px; height: 450px;\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>GeekWire: It\u2019s interesting to see how Earthlike most of the planets are in \u201cThe Rise of Skywalker.\u201d Some have more desert, some are cold and icy, some have huge oceans. But you could walk around all of them without a spacesuit. Has it gotten to the point where people know if a planet has deserts or oceans?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Rory Barnes:<\/strong> Well, in our solar system, yes. Certainly not beyond our solar system.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: The farthest you can get is to analyze an exoplanet\u2019s atmosphere.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> Yeah. And even that\u2019s only possible for the giant planets so far. People are starting to get down to some Neptune-size planets, but they have to be extremely close to their star. Getting down to the terrestrial worlds that we would be able to live on, that\u2019s still a long way out.<\/p>\n<p>The first chance will be with the James Webb Space Telescope [currently due for launch in 2021]. The key thing about the James Webb Space Telescope is that it\u2019ll be the first telescope humanity\u2019s ever built that\u2019s able to detect passive life \u2014 meaning life that\u2019s not broadcasting their television signals at us. Not intelligent life, but microbial life.<\/p>\n<p>With something like five or more years of data, it might be able to tell us something about terrestrial planets. They\u2019d have to be around some of the lowest-mass stars in the galaxy, something like 10% of the mass of our sun. Then maybe we can see a planet, and maybe sniff out the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: How will Webb sniff out the signs of life?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> It would do that with something called transit transmission spectroscopy. When a planet crosses between Earth and the disk of a distant star, some of the light from that star gets filtered through the exoplanet\u2019s atmosphere on its way to Earth. Then we can see the chemical fingerprints in the atmosphere, embedded in that stellar spectrum.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: I know there\u2019s been some discussion about what the chemical fingerprints of life might be. It\u2019s not just a case of finding oxygen, right?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> Yeah, that was some research that came out of my group a few years ago. \u2026 It turns out that there\u2019s a natural way to build up enormous amounts of oxygen, to the point where you can\u2019t get rid of it all. That was important, because up to that point, a lot of people thought that finding oxygen would be the smoking gun for life.<\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s not one particular thing you can look for. What we now understand is that you need to look for a combination of things. It\u2019s really about what type of star the planet is orbiting, what the size of the planet is, what the rest of the system is like, and then looking for a set of molecules in the atmosphere, not just a single one.<\/p>\n<p>You really need to see multiple elements or molecules in the atmosphere, where you can say, \u201cOK, this has to be from life.\u201d There\u2019s no geological or purely atmospheric process that could produce the composition of the atmosphere. The only answer that\u2019s left is life.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: Like methane plus oxygen?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> That\u2019s a classic example. That\u2019s one thing that Carl Sagan proposed, that the biosignature of life on Earth was the simultaneous presence of oxygen and methane \u2014 because oxygen and methane hate each other, and they try to break each other apart and go back into water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. There\u2019s not a non-biological process that can create the chemical equilibrium that you see. Life would have to be the factor that is enabling them to be in equilibrium.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: One of the interesting things about the Star Wars movies is that you have all these different species and cultures getting together on the flight deck, or at the bar, and they\u2019re all able to breathe the same air and understand each other. On one level, that\u2019s just Hollywood. But on another level, you could wave your hands and say that all of these similar species gravitate toward each other.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A.:<\/strong> You could make the argument that perhaps all life has to have the same biochemistry. So we would all have the same types of amino acids, and we can only live on a narrow range of planetary types. So, maybe we all have the same type of atmosphere, and the same surface gravity, and we have the same biochemistry that allows all of us to eat the same food and drink the same water. That\u2019s permitted by the data that we have.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: How confident are you that astronomers will be able to find Earthlike planets with environments that are hospitable for life?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> I guess it\u2019s a matter of time, right? I\u2019m confident that those planets are out there. I just think this can\u2019t be a complete one-off. But the question is, how common are they? That gets to the importance of objects like the interstellar comet [2I\/Borisov, which is currently passing through our solar system].<\/p>\n<p>If we start seeing all these comets that have the same composition as those in our solar system, it starts to tell us that maybe there\u2019s not a huge diversity of composition of planets. \u2026 It starts to suggest that maybe most of those planets are going to be alike in their composition.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: There\u2019s the value of studying interstellar comets from an astrobiological point of view.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> There\u2019s always an advantage of studying everything in an astrobiological context. \u2026 I often tell people that we need to come up with something like \u201cThe Journal of Bad Earth Science,\u201d where Earth scientists say, \u201cWouldn\u2019t this be cool? But oh, no, we need like 20 times more calcium on our planet for this to work.\u201d Well, write that down and give to an exoplanet scientist. That way, we can have your great insight, and maybe that\u2019ll help us explain an observation. So far, nobody\u2019s taken me up on that suggestion. But, hey, someday maybe it\u2019ll happen.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: Well, that brings us back to Star Wars, where you\u2019ve got all these different species like Wookiees and Ewoks and humans working together. It would be good to have different \u201cspecies\u201d of scientists working together on Earth to address the big questions.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> Absolutely. That\u2019s why there\u2019s a big push to increase diversity in science, right? I mean, most people who are scientists look like me, and that\u2019s a limited range of perspectives. You want to get diverse ideas and diverse perspectives together to address the really hard problems that we have. That\u2019s why there\u2019s a big push to bring in more women and people of color \u2014 hopefully, to get to the answers faster.<\/p>\n<p><em>For more on Star Wars planetary science, check out \u201cDunes on Planet Tatooine,\u201d a paper by Johns Hopkins University\u2019s Ralph Lorenz and colleagues about sand migration in Tunisia, based on its portrayal as a Tatooine landscape in \u201cStar Wars: Episode IV, A New Hope.\u201d You can also delve into the science of Star Wars as explained by researchers at Georgia Tech and Stanford, or check out a couple of books: \u201cThe Science of Star Wars\u201d by Jeanne Cavelos (1999) and \u201cThe Physics of Star Wars\u201d by Patrick Johnson (2017).<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Luke Skywalker\u2019s home planet, Tatooine, and its two suns are a good example of science echoing Star Wars. Or is it the other way around? (Lucasfilm Photo) Over the past 42 years, filmgoers have seen exotic worlds come to life in a succession of Star Wars movies \u2014 a series that is now coming to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[559,4903,4550,499,4709,4904,4482,21,4905,4906],"class_list":["post-17850","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news","tag-exoplanets","tag-geekwire-at-the-movies","tag-movies","tag-planet","tag-planets","tag-rory-barnes","tag-science-fiction","tag-space","tag-star-wars","tag-star-wars-rise-of-skywalker"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17850"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17850"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17850\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17850"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17850"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17850"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}