{"id":38140,"date":"2019-01-30T22:59:38","date_gmt":"2019-01-30T14:59:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp-productionenv-bjg9h2g2bgg5b8aa.southeastasia-01.azurewebsites.net\/news\/juno-past-halfway-point-of-mission-as-scientists-unpack-its-data\/"},"modified":"2019-01-30T22:59:38","modified_gmt":"2019-01-30T14:59:38","slug":"juno-past-halfway-point-of-mission-as-scientists-unpack-its-data","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/news\/juno-past-halfway-point-of-mission-as-scientists-unpack-its-data\/","title":{"rendered":"Juno past halfway point of mission as scientists unpack its data"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Now past the halfway mark in its mission at the giant of our solar system, NASA\u2019s Juno spacecraft continues to return tantalizing information about the planet Jupiter, including the up-close study of wave trains in the planet\u2019s atmosphere and solving a 39 year old mystery surrounding lightning in the planet\u2019s atmosphere.\n<\/p>\n<p><b>Halfway there:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Officially passing the halfway mark in its mission on 21 December 2018, NASA\u2019s Juno spacecraft dove to within 5,053 km (3,140 miles) of Jupiter\u2019s clouds on the craft\u2019s 17th perijove (moment of closest orbital approach to Jupiter).<\/p>\n<p>The December 2019 perijove marked Juno\u2019s 16th science gathering dive and completed the task of obtaining global coverage of Jupiter.<\/p>\n<p>The long-delayed halfway point came after NASA extended Juno science operations in the middle of 2018 \u2013 an extension which now allows the craft to complete its originally planned mission.<\/p>\n<p>After entering a preliminary 53-day orbit of Jupiter on 4 July 2016, Juno was to reduce its orbital period to a 14-day primary science orbit.<\/p>\n<p>However, just days before this was to happen, NASA noted an anomalous reading on helium valves on Juno\u2019s main engine, valves similar to the ones used on the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\u2019s Akatsuki spacecraft\u2019s main engine that malfunctioned in December 2010.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"A Breathtaking View of Jupiter's Clouds from the Juno Spacecraft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/s-2eaF-lEn8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\" name=\"fitvid0\" data-gtm-yt-inspected-14=\"true\" data-gtm-yt-inspected-21=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Spaceflight history books<path d=\"M7.59009 18.59L9.00009 20L17.0001 12L9.00009 4L7.59009 5.41L14.1701 12\" style=\"animation: initial !important; background: initial !important; border: 0px !important; box-shadow: none !important; color: inherit !important; cursor: inherit !important; direction: inherit !important; display: inline !important; fill: currentcolor !important; filter: initial !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px !important; opacity: initial !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: initial !important; padding: 0px !important; stroke: initial !important; transform: initial !important; vertical-align: initial !important; visibility: inherit !important;\"><\/path>SpaceX launch tickets<path d=\"M7.59009 18.59L9.00009 20L17.0001 12L9.00009 4L7.59009 5.41L14.1701 12\" style=\"animation: initial !important; background: initial !important; border: 0px !important; box-shadow: none !important; color: inherit !important; cursor: inherit !important; direction: inherit !important; display: inline !important; fill: currentcolor !important; filter: initial !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px !important; opacity: initial !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: initial !important; padding: 0px !important; stroke: initial !important; transform: initial !important; vertical-align: initial !important; visibility: inherit !important;\"><\/path>NASA mission patches<path d=\"M7.59009 18.59L9.00009 20L17.0001 12L9.00009 4L7.59009 5.41L14.1701 12\" style=\"animation: initial !important; background: initial !important; border: 0px !important; box-shadow: none !important; color: inherit !important; cursor: inherit !important; direction: inherit !important; display: inline !important; fill: currentcolor !important; filter: initial !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px !important; opacity: initial !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: initial !important; padding: 0px !important; stroke: initial !important; transform: initial !important; vertical-align: initial !important; visibility: inherit !important;\"><\/path>\n<p>     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/p>\n<p>Not wanting to risk a potentially mission-critical (or ending) issue with Juno\u2019s main engine, NASA decided to leave Juno in its 53-day highly elliptical orbit.<\/p>\n<p>The issue with this decision was that a 53-day orbit would only permit bare minimum mission success by mid-2018 \u2013 the time when Juno\u2019s primary mission was to end and NASA believed the craft\u2019s systems might be too fried by the planet\u2019s harsh radiation field to continue successful, controlled operations.<\/p>\n<p>Thankfully, as tends to be the case with NASA spacecraft, Juno\u2019s radiation-hardened systems held up much better than expected, and U.S. space agency officially extended the mission until July 2021, thus allowing the craft to complete 35 of its originally planned 37 dives toward the planet.<\/p>\n<p><b>Findings thus far; wave trains on Jupiter:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Despite the fact that Juno had only completed 14 of its 35 perijoves by the time its mission was originally set to end, the craft had still returned a treasure trove of information that has allowed scientists to peer deeper into Jupiter and unlock some of the planet\u2019s mysteries that had thus far eluded them.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe have already rewritten the textbooks on how Jupiter\u2019s atmosphere works and on the complexity and asymmetry of its magnetic field,\u201d said Scott Bolton, principal investigator of Juno, Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, while marking the halfway point of Juno\u2019s mission.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe second half [of the mission] should provide the detail that we can use to refine our understanding of the depth of Jupiter\u2019s zonal winds, the generation of its magnetic field, and the structure and evolution of its interior.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-60080\" class=\"wp-image-60080 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22796-16_0.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1400\" height=\"787\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22796-16_0.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22796-16_0-350x197.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22796-16_0-623x350.jpg 623w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22796-16_0-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22796-16_0-1170x658.jpg 1170w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-60080\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wave train of three waves seen on 2 February 2017 during Juno\u2019s fourth flyby of Jupiter. (Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/SwRI\/MSSS\/JunoCam)<\/p>\n<p>Included in the \u201crewritten textbooks\u201d so far is Juno\u2019s up-close study of wave trains in Jupiter\u2019s atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p>These Jovian wave trains were first discovered by NASA\u2019s Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts during their flybys of the planet in 1979. &nbsp;But for the first time, Juno has allowed scientists to calculate distances between the waves as well as their heights. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cJunoCam has counted more distinct wave trains than any other spacecraft mission since Voyager,\u201d said Glenn Orton, a Juno scientist from NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe trains, which consist of as few as two waves and as many as several dozen, can have a distance between crests as small as about 65 km (40 miles) and as large as about 1,200 km (760 miles). &nbsp;The shadow of the wave structure in one image allowed us to estimate the height of one wave to be about 10 km (6 miles) high.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>However, mysteries still remain with this phenomenon, with waves observed in multiple configurations traveling in multiple different directions. &nbsp;\u201cThe waves can appear close to other Jovian atmospheric features, near vortices or along flow lines, and others exhibit no relationship with anything nearby,\u201d said Orton. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSome wave trains appear as if they are converging, and others appear to be overlapping, possibly at two different atmospheric levels. &nbsp;In one case, wave fronts appear to be radiating outward from the center of a cyclone.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-55072\" class=\"size-full wp-image-55072\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/2018-02-23-165404.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1524\" height=\"888\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/2018-02-23-165404.jpg 1524w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/2018-02-23-165404-350x204.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/2018-02-23-165404-601x350.jpg 601w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/2018-02-23-165404-768x447.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/2018-02-23-165404-1170x682.jpg 1170w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1524px) 100vw, 1524px\"><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-55072\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juno performs its critical Orbit Insertion burn at Jupiter on 4 July 2016. (Credit: Nathan Koga for NSF\/L2)<\/p>\n<p>Presently, scientists believe wave trains form from disruptions in Jupiter\u2019s atmosphere because of thunderstorm updrafts or outflows around other atmospheric features \u2013 but more data from Juno is needed before this can be confirmed.<\/p>\n<p><b>Lightning on Jupiter:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Since Voyager 1\u2019s flyby of Jupiter in March 1979, scientists have been puzzled by one aspect of lightning observed in the planet\u2019s atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p>For hundreds of years, scientists believed lightning in Jupiter\u2019s atmosphere was possible. &nbsp;Voyager 1\u2019s confirmation of that wasn\u2019t the surprise, it was the revelation that radio signals from the lightning didn\u2019t match the radio signals produced by lightning on Earth.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNo matter what planet you\u2019re on, lightning bolts act like radio transmitters \u2013 sending out radio waves when they flash across a sky,\u201d said Shannon Brown of NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.<\/p>\n<p>On Earth, radio signals from lightning are detectable in a megahertz range. &nbsp;But Jupiter\u2019s lightning, prior to Juno, had only ever been detected in the kilohertz range of the radio spectrum. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cMany theories were offered up to explain it, but no one theory could ever get traction as the answer,\u201d said Brown.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-60081\" class=\"size-full wp-image-60081\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22474-2000-e1548867427584.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"984\" height=\"787\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22474-2000-e1548867427584.jpg 984w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22474-2000-e1548867427584-350x280.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22474-2000-e1548867427584-438x350.jpg 438w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22474-2000-e1548867427584-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 984px) 100vw, 984px\"><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-60081\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist\u2019s concept of lightning distribution in Jupiter\u2019s northern hemisphere. (Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/SwRI\/JunoCam)<\/p>\n<p>Data from Juno\u2019s first eight perijove science dives returned 377 lightning detections, every single one of which was observed in the megahertz range. <\/p>\n<p>So why was Juno able to detect lightning in this range when Voyagers 1 and 2, Cassini, and Galileo all failed to?<\/p>\n<p>The answer, as it turns out, might come down to distance. &nbsp;Juno passes much closer to the lightning than any of the four previous spacecrafts have.<\/p>\n<p>Coupled with Juno\u2019s proximity to the lightning is the specific megahertz frequency at which Juno observed the lightning, a radio emission range that passes easily through Jupiter\u2019s ionosphere \u2013 providing another tantalizing insight into Jupiter\u2019s composition and atmospheric characteristics.<\/p>\n<p>But this lightning observation wasn\u2019t the only element Juno has observed in terms of Jovian lightning. <\/p>\n<p>On Earth, lightning discharges largely cluster around the equator while on Jupiter they congregate around the poles. &nbsp;On the surface, it might seem that this is the exact opposite, but in fact, the same underlying mechanism for lightning generation explains the different locations for lightning clustering on the two planets. <\/p>\n<p><iframe id=\"twitter-widget-1\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" class=\"\" style=\"position: static; visibility: visible; width: 550px; height: 825px; display: block; flex-grow: 1;\" title=\"X Post\" src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/embed\/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=NASASpaceflight&amp;dnt=true&amp;embedId=twitter-widget-1&amp;features=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%3D%3D&amp;frame=false&amp;hideCard=false&amp;hideThread=false&amp;id=1086047185140035584&amp;lang=en&amp;origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fjuno-halfway-point-mission-unpack-data%2F&amp;sessionId=adc84ae0311449d472ea868c5403acf174efa24a&amp;siteScreenName=NASASpaceflight&amp;theme=light&amp;widgetsVersion=6a3ad42b224df%3A1778106238597&amp;width=550px\" data-gtm-yt-inspected-14=\"true\" data-gtm-yt-inspected-21=\"true\" data-tweet-id=\"1086047185140035584\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>That answer is heat. &nbsp;Heat on Earth is a largely derived from solar radiation, with Earth\u2019s equatorial region receiving more direct solar radiation than its poles. <\/p>\n<p>On Jupiter, most atmospheric heat is generated from inside the planet itself, welling up more prominently at the poles than at the planet\u2019s equator.<\/p>\n<p>Why? &nbsp;Because the solar radiation received at Jupiter\u2019s equator actually inhibits the rise of warm air from within the planet into the upper atmosphere, thus suppressing lightning generation at Jupiter\u2019s equatorial regions.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThese findings could help to improve our understanding of the composition, circulation and energy flows on Jupiter,\u201d said Brown.<\/p>\n<p>However, Juno has yet to answer another mystery surrounding Jovian lightning: why does Jupiter\u2019s northern pole have a significantly higher lightning concentration than the southern pole?<\/p>\n<p>The answer to this question and numerous others might come from Juno during the second half of its mission. <\/p>\n<p>As with Galileo before it and Cassini at Saturn, Juno\u2019s mission will end on 30 July 2021 with a destructive entry into Jupiter\u2019s atmosphere in order to execute planetary protection measures to prevent Juno from accidentally contaminating one of Jupiter\u2019s potentially life harboring moons.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Now past the halfway mark in its mission at the giant of our solar system, NASA\u2019s Juno spacecraft continues to return tantalizing information about the planet Jupiter, including the up-close study of wave trains in the planet\u2019s atmosphere and solving a 39 year old mystery surrounding lightning in the planet\u2019s atmosphere. Halfway there: Officially passing [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":25918,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[1929],"class_list":["post-38140","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-juno"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38140"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38140"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38140\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25918"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38140"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38140"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38140"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}