{"id":38143,"date":"2019-01-26T01:16:02","date_gmt":"2019-01-25T17:16:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp-productionenv-bjg9h2g2bgg5b8aa.southeastasia-01.azurewebsites.net\/news\/cassini-still-reveals-saturns-secrets-more-than-a-year-after-its-missions-end\/"},"modified":"2019-01-26T01:16:02","modified_gmt":"2019-01-25T17:16:02","slug":"cassini-still-reveals-saturns-secrets-more-than-a-year-after-its-missions-end","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/news\/cassini-still-reveals-saturns-secrets-more-than-a-year-after-its-missions-end\/","title":{"rendered":"Cassini still reveals Saturn\u2019s secrets more than a year after its mission\u2019s end"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Cassini\u2019s flagship mission to the ringed planet Saturn ended over a year ago, but data from the craft\u2019s Grand Finale tour of the Saturnian system continues to allow scientists to unlock the mysteries surrounding the sixth planet in our solar system.<\/p>\n<p>Among the discoveries after the end of Cassini\u2019s mission include a firm understanding of the planet\u2019s rotational period, the the age of the planet\u2019s iconic rings, observations of dust storms on its moon Titan, and numerous other scientific revelations. <\/p>\n<p><b>Grand Finale science returns:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Cassini\u2019s remarkable tenure at Saturn came to an end on 15 September 2017 after numerous mission extensions and scientific returns that scientists could only have dreamed of before the craft\u2019s launch nearly 20 years prior on 15 October 1997. <\/p>\n<p>In an effort to execute planetary protection to ensure Cassini did not accidentally contaminate one of the potentially life harboring moons of Saturn, the craft was plunged into the ringed planet\u2019s atmosphere for a destructive entry after a final set of 22 close orbits of the planet that constituted the mission\u2019s Grand Finale. <\/p>\n<p>Knowing this was the end, Cassini scientists did something with their craft that no spacecraft had done before; they flew Cassini through the rings of Saturn and into Saturn\u2019s upper atmosphere multiple times.<\/p>\n<p>The daring nature of the Grand Finale paid off handsomely, with a host of returns not possible during the craft\u2019s more stable orbits of the planet in the years prior. <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"NASA at Saturn: Cassini's Grand Finale\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xrGAQCq9BMU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\" name=\"fitvid0\" data-gtm-yt-inspected-20=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Space Shuttle<path d=\"M7.59009 18.59L9.00009 20L17.0001 12L9.00009 4L7.59009 5.41L14.1701 12\" style=\"animation: initial !important; background: initial !important; border: 0px !important; box-shadow: none !important; color: inherit !important; cursor: inherit !important; direction: inherit !important; display: inline !important; fill: currentcolor !important; filter: initial !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px !important; opacity: initial !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: initial !important; padding: 0px !important; stroke: initial !important; transform: initial !important; vertical-align: initial !important; visibility: inherit !important;\"><\/path>NASA educational resources<path d=\"M7.59009 18.59L9.00009 20L17.0001 12L9.00009 4L7.59009 5.41L14.1701 12\" style=\"animation: initial !important; background: initial !important; border: 0px !important; box-shadow: none !important; color: inherit !important; cursor: inherit !important; direction: inherit !important; display: inline !important; fill: currentcolor !important; filter: initial !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px !important; opacity: initial !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: initial !important; padding: 0px !important; stroke: initial !important; transform: initial !important; vertical-align: initial !important; visibility: inherit !important;\"><\/path>NASA mission updates<path d=\"M7.59009 18.59L9.00009 20L17.0001 12L9.00009 4L7.59009 5.41L14.1701 12\" style=\"animation: initial !important; background: initial !important; border: 0px !important; box-shadow: none !important; color: inherit !important; cursor: inherit !important; direction: inherit !important; display: inline !important; fill: currentcolor !important; filter: initial !important; float: none !important; margin: 0px !important; opacity: initial !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: initial !important; padding: 0px !important; stroke: initial !important; transform: initial !important; vertical-align: initial !important; visibility: inherit !important;\"><\/path>\n<p>     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/p>\n<p>In all, the Grand Finale revealed complex organic compounds embedded in water nanograins (very fine, small particles) raining down from Saturn\u2019s rings into the planet\u2019s upper atmosphere, observed how the rings interact with the planet and how inner-ring particles and gases fall directly into Saturn\u2019s atmosphere, and revealed what the material looks like in the gap between the rings and a planet\u2019s atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p>In terms of the organic compounds observed in water nanograins, scientists saw methane, ammonia, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide \u2013 organic compositions far different from the organic compounds found emanating from the icy moon Enceladus and on the methane-rich moon Titan.<\/p>\n<p>This result revealed the presence of at least three distinct groupings of organic molecules in the Saturnian system \u2013 something not expected.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, Cassini observed ring particles and gases from the innermost ring raining down into the planet\u2019s atmosphere. &nbsp;Inner-ring particles can take on electric charges and spiral along Saturn\u2019s magnetic field lines, eventually falling into Saturn\u2019s atmosphere at high latitudes in a phenomenon known as \u201cring rain.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But Grand Finale data revealed that some inner-ring particles fall from the rings and are dragged quickly into Saturn\u2019s atmosphere at its equatorial latitudes at an impressive rate of 22,000 pounds (10,000 kg) of material per second.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the area between Saturn and its rings revealed even more surprises for scientists when Cassini was finally able sample the material in the ring gap. &nbsp;This sampling showed nanometer size particles, like smoke, residing in the region, suggesting an as-yet-unknown process grinding up ring particles into a smoke-like consistancy.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-60021\" class=\"size-full wp-image-60021\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/cassinigraph20181004-16.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"985\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/cassinigraph20181004-16.jpg 985w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/cassinigraph20181004-16-350x197.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/cassinigraph20181004-16-622x350.jpg 622w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/cassinigraph20181004-16-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\"><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-60021\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A few of the findings from Cassini\u2019s direct sampling of the rings and atmosphere during the Grand Finale.<br \/>(Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech)<\/p>\n<p>Additional data from the Grand Finale also revealed that Saturn and its rings are more interconnected than scientists thought, with Cassini showing previously unknown electric currents from the rings to the top of Saturn\u2019s atmosphere. <\/p>\n<p>For NASA, Cassini\u2019s daring and risky Grand Finale has been more than justified with the host of data returned, with Cassini Project Science Linda Spilker saying, \u201cAlmost everything going on in that region turned out to be a surprise. &nbsp;That was the importance of going there, to explore a place we\u2019d never been before. And the expedition really paid off \u2013 the data is tremendously exciting.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMany mysteries remain as we put together pieces of the puzzle. &nbsp;Results from Cassini\u2019s final orbits turned out to be more interesting than we could have imagined.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>When in doubt, look to the rings:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>For decades, a persistent mystery has puzzled scientists about Saturn: how long is a day on the ringed planet? <\/p>\n<p>It might seem like an easy question to answer, after all, one needs only observe the rotational rate of the planet. &nbsp;But therein lies the problem. Saturn has no solid surface and no defined feature in its gaseous atmosphere to track as the planet rotates.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the planet\u2019s unusual magnetic field masks the planet\u2019s rotation rate. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>But as it turned out, the answer to Saturn\u2019s rotation rate, and therefore the length of its day, resided in the planet\u2019s iconic rings. <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-60022\" class=\"size-full wp-image-60022\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22767-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"985\" height=\"416\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22767-nasa.jpg 985w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22767-nasa-350x148.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22767-nasa-630x266.jpg 630w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia22767-nasa-768x324.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\"><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-60022\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA\u2019s Cassini spacecraft dives between Saturn and its innermost rings as part of the mission\u2019s Grand Finale. (Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech)<\/p>\n<p>During the Grand Finale, Cassini flew through Saturn\u2019s rings multiple times, observing the icy and rocky components in unprecedented detail \u2013 observations that allowed scientists studying wave patterns in the rings to find that the rings respond to vibrations within Saturn\u2019s interior.<\/p>\n<p>According to Christopher Mankovich, a graduate student in astronomy and astrophysics at the University of California, Santa Cruz, the vibrations within the rings acted as seismometers measuring vibrations in Saturn\u2019s interior.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cParticles throughout the rings can\u2019t help but feel these oscillations in the gravity field. &nbsp;At specific locations in the rings, these oscillations catch ring particles at just the right time in their orbits to gradually build up energy, and that energy gets carried away as an observable wave.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Tracking these observable waves led Mankovich to develop models of Saturn\u2019s internal structure that\u2019s allowed him to track the movements of the interior and thus calculate Saturn\u2019s rotation rate. <\/p>\n<p>Using this data, Mankovich was able to determine that Saturn\u2019s rotation rate is 10 hours 33 minutes 38 seconds.<\/p>\n<p>But Saturn\u2019s rings themselves also held a tantalizing surprise for scientists that was not revealed until the Grand Finale dives through this icy and rocky region.<\/p>\n<p><iframe id=\"twitter-widget-1\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" class=\"\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0px; display: block; flex-grow: 1;\" title=\"X Post\" src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/embed\/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=NASASpaceflight&amp;dnt=true&amp;embedId=twitter-widget-1&amp;features=eyJ0ZndfdGltZWxpbmVfbGlzdCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOltdLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X2ZvbGxvd2VyX2NvdW50X3N1bnNldCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOnRydWUsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdHdlZXRfZWRpdF9iYWNrZW5kIjp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6Im9uIiwidmVyc2lvbiI6bnVsbH0sInRmd19yZWZzcmNfc2Vzc2lvbiI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfZm9zbnJfc29mdF9pbnRlcnZlbnRpb25zX2VuYWJsZWQiOnsiYnVja2V0Ijoib24iLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X21peGVkX21lZGlhXzE1ODk3Ijp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6InRyZWF0bWVudCIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfZXhwZXJpbWVudHNfY29va2llX2V4cGlyYXRpb24iOnsiYnVja2V0IjoxMjA5NjAwLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X3Nob3dfYmlyZHdhdGNoX3Bpdm90c19lbmFibGVkIjp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6Im9uIiwidmVyc2lvbiI6bnVsbH0sInRmd19kdXBsaWNhdGVfc2NyaWJlc190b19zZXR0aW5ncyI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdXNlX3Byb2ZpbGVfaW1hZ2Vfc2hhcGVfZW5hYmxlZCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdmlkZW9faGxzX2R5bmFtaWNfbWFuaWZlc3RzXzE1MDgyIjp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6InRydWVfYml0cmF0ZSIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfbGVnYWN5X3RpbWVsaW5lX3N1bnNldCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOnRydWUsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdHdlZXRfZWRpdF9mcm9udGVuZCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9fQ%3D%3D&amp;frame=false&amp;hideCard=false&amp;hideThread=false&amp;id=1086298642577649664&amp;lang=en&amp;origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fcassini-reveals-saturns-secrets-year-missions-end%2F&amp;sessionId=28ad7d5b5e783bcb5e4576c21134c41647f795c3&amp;siteScreenName=NASASpaceflight&amp;theme=light&amp;widgetsVersion=6a3ad42b224df%3A1778106238597&amp;width=550px\" data-gtm-yt-inspected-20=\"true\" data-tweet-id=\"1086298642577649664\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\" data-twitter-extracted-i1783499101021330477=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">All in a day: using data from NASA&#8217;s Cassini spacecraft, researchers believe they have finally solved a longstanding mystery, the length of a day on Saturn. https:\/\/t.co\/HPWAiq8Anr pic.twitter.com\/jBzHEUvNo4<\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Cassini (@CassiniSaturn) January 18, 2019<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Saturn\u2019s rings are its most famous feature and make Saturn the most recognizable and exotic planet in the solar system. &nbsp;But new information from Cassini\u2019s Grand Finale shows that the rings formed just 10 to 100 million years ago, meaning the planet\u2019s most iconic feature is also one of its youngest.<\/p>\n<p>Understanding the age of Saturn\u2019s rings is a matter of determining the mass of the planet, the gravitational pull of Saturn on the rings, and the mass of the rings. <\/p>\n<p>In order to directly sample the needed data points, Cassini had to fly between Saturn and the rings, something not permitted during the craft\u2019s primary mission but that became a feature of its Grand Finale.<\/p>\n<p>By flying directly between Saturn and its rings, Cassini was able the return data that allowed scientists to calculate how much gravity was pulling on Cassini, causing it to accelerate, down to a fraction of a millimeter per second. &nbsp;&nbsp;With that information, scientists could understand the mass of the planet and the mass of the rings. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cOnly by getting so close to Saturn in Cassini\u2019s final orbits were we able to gather the measurements to make the new discoveries,\u201d said Cassini radio science team member and lead author Luciano Iess, of Sapienza University of Rome. &nbsp;\u201cAnd with this work, Cassini fulfills a fundamental goal of its mission: not only to determine the mass of the rings, but to use the information to refine models and determine the age of the rings.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Cassini data showed the rings have a low mass, corresponding to a younger age of between 10 to 100 million years. &nbsp;Corroborating this is the appearance of the rings, which are bright and clean. An older ring structure would be dark and contaminated by debris.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-60023\" class=\"size-full wp-image-60023\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia21046.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2012\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia21046.jpg 2012w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia21046-350x178.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia21046-630x321.jpg 630w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia21046-768x391.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia21046-1920x977.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/pia21046-1170x595.jpg 1170w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2012px) 100vw, 2012px\"><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-60023\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view from NASA\u2019s Cassini spacecraft shows Saturn\u2019s northern hemisphere in 2016 as that part of the planet nears its northern hemisphere summer solstice. (Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/Space Science Institute)<\/p>\n<p>However, it has not just been data gathered during the Grand Finale that has continued to illuminate the Saturnian system; information collected throughout Cassini\u2019s mission continues to be analyzed and continues to reveal new and exciting elements of the system.<\/p>\n<p><b>Dust storms on Titan:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Titan is a complex world, to say the least, and the only moon in the solar system with a thick and complex atmosphere and with a hydrologic cycle. &nbsp;Now, the impressive moon enters a category previously reserved for only two other bodies in the solar system: the presence of dust storms on its surface.<\/p>\n<p>As on Earth and Mars, weather patterns on Titan vary from season to season, and data from Cassini throughout its mission has revealed the changing nature of Titan\u2019s weather, including the emergence of powerful methane storms near the moon\u2019s equator during the northern equinox in 2009.<\/p>\n<p>During this period, &nbsp;Sebastien Rodriguez, an astronomer at the Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, France, and his team noted unusual equatorial bright spots in infrared data returned from Cassini, brightenings they interpreted at the time to be the same kind of methane clouds and storms observed on other areas of the moon during the northern equinox. <\/p>\n<p>But subsequent investigations have revealed that these brightenings were in fact something very different. &nbsp;They were not methane storms. They were dust storms. <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-60024\" class=\"size-full wp-image-60024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/2019-01-25-10.27.58.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1950\" height=\"1090\"><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-60024\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This animation shows clear bright spots that have been interpreted as evidence of dust storms. (Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/University of Arizona\/University Paris Diderot\/IPGP\/S. Rodriguez et al. 2018)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFrom what we know about cloud formation on Titan, we can say that such methane clouds in this area and in this time of the year are not physically possible,\u201d said Rodriguez. &nbsp;\u201cThe convective methane clouds that can develop in this area and during this period of time would contain huge droplets and must be at a very high altitude \u2013 much higher than the 6 miles (10 kilometers) that modeling tells us the new features are located.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Modeling and investigation revealed the features seen in 2009 where in the atmosphere but close to Titan\u2019s surface and likely formed \u201ca very thin layer of tiny solid organic particles.\u201d &nbsp;The bright spots appearances directly over the dune fields around Titan\u2019s equator left only a single explanation for what they actually were: clouds of dust raised from the dunes. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe near-surface wind speeds required to raise such an amount of dust as we see in these dust storms would have to be very strong \u2013 about five times as strong as the average wind speeds estimated by the Huygens measurements near the surface and with climate models,\u201d noted Rodriguez.<\/p>\n<p>The presence of strong winds and confirmation of dust storms on the surface of Titan means that Titan\u2019s dunes are still active and continually changing. &nbsp;Moreover, winds on Titan could be carrying dust gathered from across large distances, \u201ccontributing to the global cycle of organic dust on Titan and causing similar effects to those that can be observed on Earth and Mars\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cassini\u2019s flagship mission to the ringed planet Saturn ended over a year ago, but data from the craft\u2019s Grand Finale tour of the Saturnian system continues to allow scientists to unlock the mysteries surrounding the sixth planet in our solar system. Among the discoveries after the end of Cassini\u2019s mission include a firm understanding of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[2394,1562],"class_list":["post-38143","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news","tag-cassini","tag-saturn"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38143"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38143"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38143\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38143"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38143"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/starpath.global\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38143"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}